In the first picture you can see magnesium with 2 valence electrons, and Oxygen with 6 valence electron. So since magnesium is a metal it wants to loose 2 electrons to become stable, and oxygen since it is a non metla it wants to gain 2 to become stable. That is why they bond, since when magnesium gives the 2 to oxygen, oxygen has a complete shell. As well as when magnesium gives the electrons to oxygen it becomes positive and oxygen becomes negative and since positives attract negatives they become a compound.
That is how it looks like at the end:
Oxygen can also bond with berylium forming Beryllium oxide. Look how this demonstrates the bonding of the 2.
Oxygen can also bond with both lithium and sodium together, wanna know how, well let me show you.
So in this case you cant have only lithium or only sodium since that has only one electron and oxygen needs too. So If it takes one from lithium and the one left from sodium oxygen has a stable set of 8 valence electrons and the other two also have a full one too.
Lastly you can have two of the same, like 2 atoms of Cesium. So since cesium has one electron you need 2 cesium atoms to complete oxygen valence shell. So that is what oxygen does, it takes one valence electron from each Cesium atoms to make the valence shell full.
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